"Broken Bow" - a Klingon hand disruptor is used to blow up a grain silo. Plasma rifles (plasma shotguns) aren't necessarily lethal, but are commonly available. The Suliban station uses particle weapons of some sort. Phase pistols have two settings: Stun and kill. Suliban torpedos may be fired through several kilometers of gas giant. The Enterprise is equipped with grappling hooks.

"Fight or Flight" - a 3 meter miss is considered very bad by an exacting officer. This coincides with an 0.2% scanner problem, suggesting the range to be 1500 meters.

"Acquisition" - there are 14 weapons lockers on the Enterprise.

"Silent Enemy" gives us our first real space-to-space battle. The Enterprise engages with two fore phase cannon between 5 and 9 kilometers' range, and then with spatial torpedos. Overloaded by a factor of ten, they can (a) blow up a mountain and (b) take down the enemy shields in one hit. The phase cannon are rated for 500 gigajoules per shot, according to Reed; the overload setting is therefore 5 terajoules per shot. The phase cannon were later mentioned as firing 80 gigajoules per shot while Reed was discussing ships' weaponry with an alien in "Congenitor." The Klingons consider these particle weapons "low yield," and may fire from at least 10 kilometers away - 200 kilometers is not difficult either.  The Urquat have no trouble landing hits at 700 kilometers - "Extinction." In "Cold Station 12," the Enterprise exchanges fire at 5,000 kilometers.

A Romulan cloaked mine resembles a Triton "spatial torpedo" and has a tricobalt warhead - roughly a quarter kiloton. A shuttlepod hatch can withstand that at a distance of 20-25 meters.

Freighters are armed with plasma cannon - "Horizon."

"The Breach" - orbital batteries may target the Enterprise from an orbit 600 kilometers below.

Phase cannons won't go past 94% efficiency. Reed hasn't gotten them past 93%, in fact - "Proving Grounds."

Stored antimatter is used for both the engines and the photonic torpedos - "Hatchery."

"The Forgotten" it would take "at least a thousand ships like the Enterprise to blow up an entire planet." This quote interestingly parallels Han Solo's line in ANH. It would take "weeks" for the Enterprise to travel a dozen light years... but less than three days after being told the location of a subspace corridor a half light year away.

"Countdown" - the Enterprise intends to take out the command sphere with a "deflector pulse."

"Stormfront" introduces time-travelling aliens. A modern (for them) energy cell the size of a coin would power the plasma rifles they're trying to introduce. The plasma rifle has a shot with energy equal to three 88 millimeter shells. The kinetic energy of the common 88mm flak shells was 3.05 megajoules, with a 2.86 megajoule bursting charge; this places the energy of the plasma rifle's shots at 8.6-17.7 megajoules, depending on the details of what the alien meant. The Enterprise, damaged, has difficulty getting a target lock on a stationary object at 100 kilometers; contrast this with "The Aenar," in which it locks on a moving target at 100 kilometers.

"Demons" - the verteron array, a very potent and unusual weapon. Details to come later.