Torpedos have a theoretical operating range in excess of a million kilometers, with a practical range of engagement of roughly 300,000 kilometers, along with most modern beam weapons. Photon torpedos have a maximum yield on the general order of a gigaton, but this is not entirely consistent. This may be partially explained by the large variety of settings available to photon torpedos , which may be operated to and from warp speeds. A variety of inferior models of guidance packages and warheads are available .

Phasers may be used to drill through kilometers of rock or vaporize multiple kilometer-wide comets in less than a minute without any great difficulty.  Multiple gigatons of energy may be funneled through the phaser arrays with no deleterious effect on the array, which may also be used to fire multiple shots in a hurry. Starships remain capable, as in TOS, of wiping out populated worlds with relative ease.

Meanwhile, hand weapons are highly variable in effect. A basic hand phaser may perform demolitions work, and a phaser rifle may fail to scorch a uniform. Settings are variable, but on the high end, a phaser blast jumps well into the gigajoule range.

Notes by season:
Season 1
Season 2
Season 3
Season 4
Season 5
Season 6
Season 7


In "A Matter of Honor," Riker suggests the unusual move of waiting until closing to 40,000 kilometers before the Klingons fire "all phasers and torpedos." This is because transporters may readily operate at that range, as also noted in "The Best of Both Worlds," although Riker justifies the move as being very effective, based on the Starfleet policy of not shooting first. In "The Wounded," the Pheonix fires a full spread of photon torpedos after an attack made by a Cardassian warship. Both attacks were made at approximately 300,000 kilometers. Phasers were powered up, but it is unclear if they were fired. In "New Ground," torpedos are fired at warp speed to a target 20 kilometers aft. In "Hero Worship," damage from a 3,000 meter distant energy burst immediately suggests a cloaked vessel. Long range sensors may detect ships at several light years range, per "Face of the Enemy," although this is not entirely consistent.

"Skin of Evil" gives us an offensive torpedo strike against a planet.
The Earthlike planet above has a ~375 kilometer diameter bloom visible in this picture, caused by a single photon torpedo hit; it appeared in less than a second, and vanished shortly after. If this bloom represented a thin shell of dust and debris lifted up from the surface with an average density of 1 kg/m2, then it would represent an increase in gravitational potential energy of ~20-30 megatons or so. However, even a thin bubble with an average speed of 187.5 km/sec and a final density of 1 kg/m² would represent around a gigaton of kinetic energy; lifting/heating the existing atmosphere within the affected area to produce the cloud could raise the estimate dramatically, even into ranges not particularly reasonable for a slush antideuterium warhead small enough to fit in a coffin. A photon torpedo is a fairly large coffin with a volume of almost 0.6 m³; roughly one quarter this volume would need to be filled with slush antideuterium in order to reach a gigaton yield.

"Redemption" and "The Quality of Life" demonstrate torpedos on different yields and settings. A torpedo may be immediately set to a yield level (in "Redemption," the level is 6, which is described as low). At length, a torpedo may be programmed for a precise shape of blast and overall effect.

"The Pegasus," "Legacy," "A Matter of Time," and "Inheritance" see the Enterprise either suggested to be able to drill through rock in a hurry, or actually drilling through rock in a hurry. Vaporizing a hundred meter column of rock at 500 meters per second (a feat potentially very similar to each of the incidents described; for example, according to the dialogue of "Inheritance," at least 10 kilometers of rock are drilled through in a total of 19 seconds, with the last ~2 kilometers taking just over 5 seconds) would require 100-300 petawatts of sustained power for drilling settings. In "Inheritance" it is further clarified that this setting involves a "highly focused particle beam." The Okudagram to the right suggests that ~2800 kilometers were drilled through, meaning a rate of 200 kilometers per second was sustained for the first 14 seconds of drilling.
In "Masks," a comet we may estimate as several kilometers across is flashboiled away by phasers at 10% of maximum power. The comet's material is evaporated and heated to an incandescent yellow-orange (i.e., 4000-5000 kelvins). If the comet contained roughly 100-500 kg/m³ of ice and 5 kilometers across, with the remainder being negligible substances, we could estimate the energy in vaporizing the ice of the comet as being roughly 16-84 gigatons, applied in a very short order. A short maximum power burst is therefore likely to exceed a gigaton.

In "Ensigns of Command," Data fires upon an aqueduct, using a hand phaser. As we can see to the right, each step is roughly 0.25-0.3m (10-12") tall. This makes the actual pipe itself, by reference to the stairs, roughly 1.17-1.4m wide, with a 23-25.6m length of it being heated cherry red (and yellow in one section) as a result. Assuming the pipeline to be of generally similar construction to the modern pipelines it resembles, this would represent 7860-16300 kilograms of steel being heated by 600-1000 degrees Celsius, or ~2.1-7.4 gigajoules. We may increase this figure dramatically by assuming that not all of the energy of the phaser blast was absorbed by the pipe, or that the water inside the pipe absorbed much of the heat. However, dramatic increases are difficult to reconcile with other phaser blasts, which rarely cause collateral damage.
This is also difficult to reconcile with the knowledge that hand phasers cannot even melt tritanium ("Arsenal of Freedom") which makes up Starfleet's hulls("Where Silence Has Lease.")
While being tested, a phaser rifle duplicated by Romulans output 1.05 megawatts, with a discharge crystal operating at 94.1% efficiency. This is contrasted with the maximum Federation discharge crystal efficiency of 86.5%. It would take the better part of an hour at this setting to perform the same heating work as Data's single hand phaser blast.
Phasers may also be observed to make people disappear completely, or blast through several cubic meters of rock (per "Chain of Command.") (Check reference.)

Season 1: Torpedos used at warp in "Encounter at Farpoint." Also, hand phasers used on some particular setting to take out a force field without harming its prisoner. "Code of Honor" photon torpedos used in display mode from orbit. "The Last Outpost" electroplasma whip, Ferengi. "Lonely Among Us" - little lightsaber, Antican. "Hide and Q" has Data state that a musket barely qualifies as a weapon by modern standards, and shows a rather potent casual phaser blast by Riker. Geordi estimates that one hand phaser could finish a regiment off. In "The Battle," of course, a Constellation class vessel presents little threat.

Merculite warheads are old and outdated, and cannot penetrate modern shields. Talarians use them; Klingons may have used them in older times.

"Arsenal of Freedom" - melting tritanium is beyond UFP hand weapons. An unusual weapon generates a complex lucinium compound around somone, rendering them motionless.

Season 2: "We'll only need one shot." (Contemplating an attack against the Enterprise, whose shields are up.)

"We could have destroyed both crafts without even using our photon torpedos." Worf, in "The Outrageous Okona." It is suggested that one photon torpedo could well destroy the Pakled ship in "Samaritan Snare," even though they have borrowed Romulan shield technology; contrastingly, their weapons systems wouldn't be able to nail an asteroid, but with photon torpedos, could be a real threat. The nacelles can make a huge roaring blast of energy.

Season 3: The Ferengi have missile launchers on their ships. However, Federation phasers may easily intercept and destroy them, as in "The Price." Rigellian phaser rifles are "not very powerful," but are sufficiently potent to scorch rock. Several UFP hand phasers on setting seven can vaporize a substantial portion of noranium alloy, which vaporizes at 2314 degrees. The Tox Uthat is a 27th century weapon that halts nuclear reaction in a star. In an emergency, the navigational deflector could be used as a high-powered EM weapon.  Borg have "depth charges" of some sort. Talarians make use of high energy x-ray lasers, merculite warhead bearing rockets, and "neutral particle weapons," which make them "no match for the Enterprise."

Season 4: Talarian warships closed to 500 km before engaging. A photon grenade at minimum intensity won't kill folks, but will shake them up. Geordi casually suggests cutting through 2 kilometers of granite with the ship's phasers. A triceron derivative explosive no more than three cubic millimeters, buried in someone's arm, killed two people. A phaser on setting 6-7 will leave a heavily charred corpse. "Half a Life" - modified torpedos at work. Fired into a red-orange sun, which immediately jumps over 60 million kelvin core temperature and then goes boom after thirty torpedos. There are more efficient sustainer engines, enhanced guidance packages, They also have shields. All of these features are in use fired from stationary. It only took a few seconds for the torpedos to reach the core.

A phaser rifle at an unspecified setting drains power at 1.05 megawatts. Efficiency of a standard Starfleet issue phaser rifle is 86.5%, and Romulan disruptors 94.1%. Romulan power feeds for such disruptors operate on a terahertz frequency. ("The Mind's Eye.")

Season 5: Curiously enough, a starship can emit a gravitational pulse strong enough to explode a very large crystal in seconds. "Silicon Avatar." The Enterprise drills a series of twenty tunnels in short order in "A Matter of Time" with its phasers, triggering Richter 8-8.5 earthquakes - the holes emitted 1600-2000 cubic meters of CO₂ per second. A 0.06 terawatt variance is described as a very small - hard to achieve - margin of error for the operation, which is intended to create a planet-circling shock front that ionizes all the atmospheric dust. To create a shock front that reaches around an entire planet is a very difficult feat, one not achieved in modern times. "Conundrum" - the Lysians are no match for the UFP technologically. One photon torpedo could destroy their [large] central battlestation, which, with a crew of over 15,000 and dozens of "fusion warhead" launchers, could be considered a substantial target. The Lysian destroyer had a disruptor capacity of 2.1 megajoules.

Season 6:
"The Chase" - one Klingon Bird of Prey can obliterate all life on a planet, to the point where no DNA would be recoverable from any of the remains. This is, to put it bluntly, impressive.

"Starship Mine" - a half gram of trilithium could destroy the Enterprise.

Season 7: "The Pegasus" - nearly all the Enterprise's torpedos must be used to destroy the Pegasus and the asteroid in which it is buried. The asteroid has a strong magnetic field; it is riddled with caves and passages, and on the verge of collapsing on the Enterprise. It is worth noting that a free standing blob of completely incompressible fluid, possessed of some density ρ in T/m³ and overall radius r in meters would, at some depth d, exert a pressure of 8.835x10^-5ρ²d/(r-d)² newtons per square meter.

"Gambit" -  a Federation science outpost is fairly well defended.